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Dec 12 2015

Mountain Lion Facts for Search and Rescue

The mountain lion, Felis concolor, or cat of one color, is also known as cougar, panther, ghost cat, catamount, and puma. The mountain lion is the largest feline carnivore of North America. Adults are tawny to chocolate-brown with black tips on their ears and their long tails.

Mountain Lion facts. Cougar track in sand.

Mountain Lion Facts

On average, females measure 7 feet from nose to tail and weigh between 70 and 100 pounds. Males may reach up to 8 feet in length and weigh between 130 and 150 pounds. Largest recorded mountain lion weighed in at 276 lbs.

How to recognize the presence of Mountain Lions in urban environments

One of the immediate ways to suspect the presence of mountain lions is to be aware of the big cat's preferred prey.

Mountain Lion Facts for Search and Rescue. Lion tracks in mud showing 4 toes and no nail prints.
Mountain Lion track photo by Mark Wienert

A Mountain lion's preferred prey in urban areas is Columbian Blacktail Deer. Here on the Oregon coast, there is plentiful habitat for deer. Where there are deer, it is likely a mountain lion is not far away.

Dogs and cats are easy mountain lion prey

Also, in urban areas, Cougars will feed on easy prey like house cats and dogs. A spike in pet disappearance in the neighborhood, could predict a mountain lion in the area. The risk to domestic pets is higher if fluffy or fido are fed or left outside, especially at night. Cougars will eat your pets food and dogs chained outside can be easy prey for the big cat.

You can view and feel the excitement we felt of our first video of a Mountain Lion aka Puma Concolor walking at night in our forest in 2020.

We have been looking forward to catching a Cougar on the trail cam. And we did. Shortly before the camera shot, the Mountain Lion left a fresh scent scrape on the trail. So, before we checked the camera, we knew the Cougar had passed this way. And verified with the video.

Track Description

Front tracks measure - 3"1/16 to 4” L. by 2 ¾” to 4”5/16 W. Cat tracks will look almost round and rarely showing claws. Hind tracks measure – 2"15/16 to 4"1/8 L. by 2"9/16 to 4"3/4 W.

How to measure the print of a Cougar or Dog

Measure the width of a track at the widest part. The track length from the end of the tracks heel to the nail. Or, if no nails are present then measure from heel to the end of the longest toe length or digit. Use these measurements to decide if the tracks fall within the average measurement. If it does, then check to see if claw tracks are visible, make sure to measure the track length including claws.

How to tell the difference between cat and dog tracks

Mountain lion track in soft mud in Oregon
Lion Track in mud. Photo by Mark Wienert

Dog paws do not have retractable claws or nails as mountain lions do. And lion tracks have a shape, like a circle. Dog tracks are often mistaken for cougar tracks. Unlike a dog track which has a Maple leaf type shape. Dog tracks are much narrower in width than cats' tracks.

This is a good cue for the searcher. Cats show their claws in tracks only about 10% of the time, where dogs show their nails 100% of the time.

The track photo on the top of the page may be a better example of the roundness of the feline print. Survival Course

  

Mountain Lion Scat

Mountain Lion Scat
Mountain Lion scat containing Roosevelt Elk hair. Photo by Mark Wienert.

Scat consists of droppings left by any animal. Spore size is best determined by measuring the diameter of the scat then the length. Scat: ¾” to 1” average diameter, is tubular and segmented. With at least 1 blunt end containing deer hair, bones, and grass. lion scat can vary in size and shape. An example of non-typical scat is when cougars gorge on fresh prey. Their scat is no longer distinct and segmented but a pile with no recognizable tubular shape at all. The Ghost Cat, in my experience, does not always cover its scat such as a house cat does. More often I have found cougar scat uncovered and in plain sight.

Other types of Mountain Lion Sign

Mountain Lion scent scrape made by front paws. Oregon
Cougar territorial scent scrape.  Photo by Mark Wienert

Scent Scrapes

The scent scrapes can measure up to 1 ft. diameter. Cougars scrape together a pile of debris, which may include mosses and leaves as in the photo to the right. Cougars will communicate their territories to each other. They do this by scraping together a pile of debris using their paws. They then urinate on the pile. This is a scent scrape. Or use other detritus such as sticks and conifer needles to mark their territory. The cougar will then spray the piles with their urine.  Thus, ensuring communication with other cats. The scent scrapes are territorial intersections where other cougar areas overlap. To confirm the cougar scent scrape yourself, bend down and give the pile a quick whiff. If it has a strong cat-like scent, it's a cougar scrape.

Cougar Reproduction

Mating Season: from December to March but can happen at any time during the year. Gestation: 82-96 days. Litter size: 2-4 kittens.

Mountain lions can:

  • Bound 30 to 40 feet running
  • Leap 15 feet up a tree
  • Climb over a 12-foot fence
  • Travel many miles at 10 mph
  • Reach speeds of 50 mph in a sprint
  • Take down adult elk

Hunting Prey

Lions kill 1-2 deer a week and will hide and guard large carcasses and feed on them for several days. Caution: if you discover an animal such as a deer or elk covered or partly covered in debris. Leave the area immediately and report the site to SAR Command. Mountain lions will protect their kills and may be aggressive. One lion can consume up to 20 or 30 pounds of meat in a single meal.

mountain lion kill site of blacktail deer Oregon coast march 2019
Cougars kill site of a deer on the Oregon coast. Look at center of photo to see grayish color. The center contains remains called offal - entrails, internal organs of the deer.

Mountain Lion diet consist of:

  • Elk
  • deer
  • bighorn sheep
  • mountain goats
  • moose
  • beaver
  • coyotes
  • porcupines
  • raccoons
  • mice
  • ground squirrels
  • rabbits
  • skunks
  • birds
  • cats
  • dogs

Mountain lions do prey on other lions if no other game is available.

Protect your pets

Dogs and cats left outside overnight when chained with an active lion in the area are easy prey. Don’t feed pets outside or leave pet food feeding bowls out. Pets left outside at night may draw in hungry lions.

"The odds are better you will be struck by lightning than attacked by a Mountain lion"

Cougar tracks coming and going in mud. Oregon.
Cougars coming and going. Photo by Mark Wienert

Range - The range of a Mountain Lion may cover 25 to 785 square miles. Lifespan - Mountain Lions live an average of 8-10 years in the wild and can live up to 20 years in captivity. Lifestyle - Mountain lions live solitary lives. A mother mountain lion and its kittens live together until the kitten is old enough to survive on its own Breeding Habits – Female mountain lions breed for their first time between one and a half and three years of age. Lion kitten lifespan –on an average only 1 in 6 survive Dominant males may kill juveniles within their territories leaving juveniles in marginal habitat. This can lead to starvation or encounters with humans. In California where Fish and Game laws protect the big cats from hunting. 75% of the kittens do not live to be two years old.

Bounty Hunting of Mountain Lions

Bounty hunting of Mountain Lions began as early as the 1600's in North America. Early settlers feared predators believing they had a negative effect on game populations. By the 1900's predators were killed in astonishing numbers. The killing of so many predators caused a disastrous effect on the ecosystem in some areas. Loss of wolves and cougars led to overpopulation of deer and other herbivores. Resulting in overgrazing, increased erosion, and decline in the long-term health of ecosystems.

Human and Cougar Conflict

A scientific review of records on attacks on humans by mountain lions in the United States and Canada. Starting from 1890 through 1990. Indicated there were 53 mountain lion attacks on humans during this period. Nine attacks resulting in 10 human deaths, and 44 non-fatal attacks. At least 10 attacks since 2000 to present in the U.S. resulting in death from lion attacks.

  • Oregon has remained attack-free for more than 100 years. This number could change based on a suspected cougar attack in Oregon.

If you meet an aggressive Mountain Lion:

  • Always maintain eye contact, and never turn away from the lion - extremely important.
  • Stand up straight, with arms above your head to appear larger.
  • Back away very slowly for when the lion is guarding a kill or den.
  • Throw rocks or sticks and yell at the animal if it approaches.
  • Fight back If the cougar does attack.
  • If you play dead with a Mountain Lion, you will be.

*Remember above all DO NOT RUN! No cat can resist the instinct to give chase.

Warning sign posted in area of mountain lion activity
Cougar warning for trail users. Mountain lion activity in area.

Hiking and camping in mountain lion habitat

  • Do not hike alone
  • Go in groups of adults supervising children
  • Avoid dawn and dusk excursions.
  • Keep children close to you. Animals seem especially drawn to children.
  • Pick up, small children. The mountain lion will see small children as easier prey.
  • Do not approach a lion. Most mountain lions will try to avoid confrontation, so give them a way to escape.
  • Do not run from a lion. Running may stimulate a mountain lion's instinct to chase.
  • Do not crouch down or bend over. A human standing does not resemble a mountain lion's natural prey.
  • Do carry Bear Spray.

Defending against an aggressive Mountain Lion

  • Do all you can to appear larger. Raise your arms. Open your jacket if you are wearing one. Wave your arms slowly and speak firmly in a loud voice.
  • Fight back if attacked. Mountain lions usually try to bite the head or neck area; try to stay standing and face the attacking animal.
  • The eyes of cougars are especially sensitive. Use any sharp object, pen, stick, to jab into eye socket.

Bear pepper spray is a recommended deterrent for use against an aggressive and attacking lion.

Bear pepper spray must contain 1.3%-2% capsaicin and related capsaicinoids. Suggested spray distance is at least 25 feet in a cloud pattern lasting 6 seconds or more. Reference; USFS Cibola National Forest Website. US Fish and Wildlife PDF Bear Spray vs Bullets Bear Pepper Spray

Colorado 2019 Cougar attack

Colorado Parks & Wildlife February 2019. Hiker fends off cougar attack by choking.

Washington State

Washington State Fish and Game Fact Sheet on cougars Fatal Washington Cougar Attack 2018. Two mountain bikers attacked.

Recent Mountain Lion Sightings Coos County Oregon

  •  3/05/ 2019 evidence of cougar kill William Tugman State Park. North trail.
  • 5/12/2014 evidence of a cougar Tuesday down Mobilane Road, a gravel street near Charleston OR. Kinyoun said that cougar sightings could end up being anything from dogs and raccoons to a bobcat.
  • North Bend for the second straight day, reports of a mountain lion sighting was on the North Bend Police logs for Tuesday, Sept. 8, 9:27 a.m., Chinook/Roosevelt,“Mountain lion sighting, occurred 9-7-15 @ approximately noon.”
  • A woman reported Monday her husband had seen a cougar walking along the tree line at North Bend Medical Center in Coos Bay.  Coos Bay Capt. Cal Mitts said officers who went to the center, 1900 Woodland Drive, were unable to find any tracks.
  • “We have not had one in that area that has proven to be a cougar, but we have had sightings," Mitts said, referring to three or four reports in the last couple of years.”
  • Cougar Warning, Aug. 27 Police in Florence have warned residents to be on the lookout for wandering cougars. There have been several sightings reported in the Munsel Lake Road area, around Coastal Highlands and Kingwood Street.

Verified Mountain Lion Attacks in California

Verified Mountain Lion attacks on humans in California (1986 through 2014). The CDFW (California Department of Fish and Wildlife) defines a mountain lion attack as an incident resulting in direct physical contact between a human and a mountain lion resulting in physical injury or death to the person. CDFW considers a mountain lion attack to be verified only when a physician, law enforcement officer or CDFW personnel find the injuries are caused by a mountain lion. Also Guidelines for Living In and Visiting Mountain Lion Habitat by the USFS. Recommended Reading The Beast in the Garden. Warning from Mark if you read Baron’s book you may never go outside again. The Cougar: Beautiful, Wild and Dangerous by Paula Wild. And Cat Attacks and True Stories and Hard Lessons from Cougar Country by Dean Miller.

    • Read about Oregon's Toxic Amphibian - Wing of bat, eye of newt….
    • CWD also known as Chronic Wasting Disease. Read how Colorado's big cats are helping infected Mule Deer.
    • More on CWD. Predators Fang
    • Tips on Ticks
    • Living the Wilderness Way

Have a Mountain Lion sighting or story? See the comments section below.

Sources: Mark Wienert - Lifesong Wilderness Adventures. Busch, Robert H. The Cougar Almanac: A Complete Natural History of the Mountain Lion. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1996. Whitaker, John O. 1996. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. Alfred A Knopf, Inc. p937. Wildlife of the Pacific Northwest by David Moskowitz.  MOUNTAIN LION FACT SHEET By T. R. Mader, Research Director.  Mountain lion facts USFS Defenders of Wildlife Mountain Lion Fact Sheet. Extreme Science, Mail Tribune, The World. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Written by Mark Wienert · Categorized: Tracking

Comments

  1. Karen says

    January 5, 2022 at 5:46 pm

    I lived in Applegate, over the east ridge from Panther Gulch for 15 years. Rode horses all over in that area, including the area S/SE of Williams as well. Over the years, I’ve seen probably 20 cougar in the wild. I used to have a queen who raised her kittens somewhere close by because she would sometimes hunt in my pasture. Once I saw her and an older kitten not too far east of my place. They’re awesome animals and I’ve never felt threatened by them, but I have great respect of them and would never put them in a challenging situation. I also saw several when I lived in the foothills of Carnation, WA. I followed a young male for about 1/2 mile on horseback one day. Also had a horse up there who was attacked and scratched up by a cougar (likely a young male who didn’t know better than to try to take down a healthy, 1000lb 7 yr old horse).

  2. Mark says

    December 13, 2020 at 9:29 am

    Hi Sal, thank you for sharing your big cat story. They are amazing animals. May I ask the general area where you live? We just captured a Cougar on our game camera. You may also consider setting one up to see the nocturnal animal traffic at your place. Here is the link to the short video of the Mountain lion.

  3. Sal cogliano says

    December 13, 2020 at 9:20 am

    My name is Sal one morning at 7:20 I was having coffee watching our cat eat outside suddenly it took off like a jackrabbit and standing below my window was a beautiful mountain lion long enough to take two pictures it turned and looked at me then took off I still have the pictures going to keep an eye out when grandkids visit with a weapon for sure. The day before my wife and granddaughter were outside playing and came in because of hearing something in the brush thinking it was a bear that we see quite often. 11 -26- 2020 is when we seen the lion.

  4. Mark says

    July 18, 2019 at 9:08 am

    Hi Melissa,
    Yes cougars and bear do occupy the same area’s. Cats can have much larger territories than bears as a rule depending on abundance of food. Even though black bears are classified as predators they are not in direct competition with mountain lions. See the list in the article of prey species for the big cat. Ursus americanus mostly feed on grasses, insects such as ant larvae and in Oregon a variety of berries in season. Interestingly, male bears tend not to have classic territories as we might expect. They will roam wide area’s in search of food. Female black bears on the other hand do have territories and mark them by dribbling urine as they travel. Though, female bears will forage outside of their territory especially if they are looking for a specific food source. Recommended book – The Great American Bear by Jeff Fair & Lynn Rogers. Check your local library.

  5. melissa hallam says

    July 18, 2019 at 1:09 am

    Thanks so much for posting.. I have seen quite a bit of bear scat in this area of Oregon . It’s very close to the Umpqua river. I would also like to know if the bear and mountain lions will occupy the same territory. Do they have dens that are nearby? Like neighbors? Lol

  6. Mark says

    July 17, 2019 at 1:05 pm

    Hi Melissa, thank you for your qreat question. Yes, mountain lions do have a scent. Especially their scent scrapes. These are often piles of small debris pulled in using its front paws similar to a house cat. The cougar then urinates on the pile. The scent scrapes are used to communicate with other lions in the area. These piles as I can attest are quite odoriferous. And you can sometimes pick up this strong cat smell by a scrape. But I don’t think this is what you were smelling in your tent. I’m quite sure you picked up Bear. Black bear. Ursus americanus. I think the “sour” would also describe the old humid dirty laundry smell you’re describing. Another way to describe the smell of a black bear is “old greasy french fries.” The smell that permeates the local burger joint. Next time you go camping at the same spot. See if you can find any bear sign such as scat. Bear scat is usually black, full of grass. Or maybe berries this time of year. Around 2-inches in diameter. And see if you can scent the bear. Let us know. Thanks Melissa.

  7. Melissa A. Hallam says

    July 17, 2019 at 10:31 am

    Mark, I have a question re: mountain lions. . do they have a distinct smell? I have been camping in an area where mountain lions have been spotted, and one night, I was in my tent and over come by an odor that was unlike anything I had smelled before… Almost like dirt laundry that was wrt and sat outside in humid weather…lol. don’t know how else to describe it

  8. Mark says

    January 21, 2019 at 6:33 pm

    Hi Rena,
    Thank you for sharing your mountain lion story. I would like to see your pictures of the tracks if you would share with us. And if you have taken photo’s of the scat we would like to see those photo’s. Do you have a lot of deer near your home?

    I understand in many places the Whitetail populations have grown to the extent that the numbers of car accidents have increased to dangerous levels. Having the deer’s natural predator keeping the Whitetail populations under control is beneficial for everyone while keeping the deer populations healthy.

    We know that mountain lions were here first but I understand your concern for you and your family’s safety. Sounds like your intuition is working good and warning you about the big cats. We have lions were we live. They usually follow the Elk as these large animals are cougars #1 food in Oregon. So when the Elk are around we find cat sign. Keep us updated on what the Wardon says.

    The Missouri Department of Conservation encourages anyone with information about a mountain lion sighting to file a report with the Mountain Lion Response Team at mountain.lion@mdc.mo.gov.
    Informational link by the Missouri Department of Conservation.
    Thank you Rena.

  9. Rena' says

    January 21, 2019 at 3:38 pm

    I live in Missouri and before mountain lions even made their way back into the state, I was always afraid of one coming up behind me while going to my car after work late at night. Not long after this fear began, it was confirmed that mountain lions were being spotted in MO. My fear eventually left. Skip 5 years later, we moved to the country and we have a dog kennel on the other side of our back yard. I started getting that mountain lion fear again, that one would attack from behind when I go out to do the night feeding. Then my neighbor calls one night and said she had a mountain lion with cubs 4 in her yard. Then two weeks later, my step dad saw the momma around noon on the edge of our back yard. Just this morning, my mom saw her and two of her cubs, so we went tracking and found all kinds of paw prints from momma in the mud, paw prints from cubs in the snow, scat and even some claw marks where it appears the momma was digging for something in a hole. This is very unsettling because I have 3 children, my neighbors on both sides of us each have 2 children and we all have animals, including dogs, cats, horses and chickens. It wouldn’t be so scary if the momma didn’t have cubs, but the fact that she has cubs and crosses our property every night and sometimes during the day means that she isn’t so scared and shy of us and she has babies to protect. I left a message for the game warden since I have proof she is here. I took pictures of the prints and covered one with a bucket to preserve for the warden. I also took pictures of the scratch marks, the scat and bagged the scat for them. I just want them relocated. A female says there will be males populating the area and with cubs suggests that at least one male has already inhabited the area. I taught my kids mountain lion safety just in case they ever see one…..I can’t ban them from playing outside. This was our home first!

  10. Mark says

    October 21, 2018 at 2:27 pm

    Great Story Melissa. You were brave thinking you had to protect your sister. Do you listen to your horse now?
    Thanks form sharing.

  11. Melissa F. Bishop says

    October 21, 2018 at 12:18 pm

    When I was a teenager in Marin county California, I had planned to meet my younger sister at a redwood grove in the hills for a picnic. She left before I did and I rode my horse. Coming down the steep hillside, the mare suddenly stopped, whirled around and ran back up the hill. What is the matter with you? I asked her and tuned her back. She did not want to go down there, but she did so because I asked. We got down to the creek. Then I heard the most horrible sound I had ever heard in my life. It was wailing, deep growling and shrieking. Like a maniac raving, like a woman being killed, like something from outer space. In my adrenaline filled mind the only thought I had was that whatever it was, it must have my sister. I tied the mare to a tree and found a heavy limb to use as a weapon. I went hunting for that thing, whatever it was. Then I saw something moving on the other side of the creek. It was a mountain lion, flowing over the rocks like melted butter. I ran back to my horse and galloped out of there. Away up the watershed I came upon my sister sitting by the barn. Dis you hear that she asked? Yes, I said, I saw that.

  12. Jackson says

    November 25, 2016 at 9:23 pm

    Just before I moved away from California in 96, I was at a friend’s house in San Clemente a mile or two east of town. He lives in one of those housing communities (trac housing). Nice homes though. As I was pulling out of the community, turning west on El Camino Real, There was a Mt. Lion standing on the corner under a street light, with a black cat hanging limp in it’s mouth. It pranced across the street into the dark, and thats the last I saw of it.

    Was very common to see “missing cat” signs all over. I believe most are taken by Coyotes and large Owls, but not this particular one this night. People never seem learn the lesson.

  13. J Pannell says

    December 21, 2015 at 10:25 am

    Hi Mark – thank you for the mountain lion info. Soooo sorry i missed your
    presentation. Shared your lion info with a group of women I ride with on
    Tuesdays. Most knew nothing of what to do in a lion encounter. They
    thanked you very much for your time and trouble to put the information
    together. We are better informed now as we ride through the woods. Again
    thank you for sending it to me. Judi P.

  14. Alexandria says

    December 17, 2015 at 2:41 pm

    Thank you! 🙂

  15. Mark says

    December 15, 2015 at 8:47 am

    Alexandria, thank you for sharing your great story. And congratulations on your first Cougar sighting!

  16. Alexandria says

    December 15, 2015 at 8:39 am

    I live in the Applegate Valley in southern Oregon. As a very active equestrian, I do a lot of trail and backcountry riding, and, while I’ve never seen a mountain lion (we call them cougars around here) on one of my rides, I’ve seen both cougar prints and cougar kills, mostly riding up in and around the foothills. Over the years, I’ve heard stories of goats, pigs and other livestock being killed by cougars here in the valley, and we’ve had recent sightings, including a cougar that killed a deer in plain sight close to the Applegate Cafe, not two miles from my property. Our cats and dogs live inside for the most part so no worries there, but I always bring my horses and goats in each night as well, just to be safe.

    A few months ago, driving to meet some friends for a very early morning ride, I was especially glad I have this practice. It was about 4:30 am and still quite dark as I pulled out of my driveway and headed down the road in front of our house. I thought to myself “I’d better slow down so I don’t hit an animal.” It was maybe three seconds later that something jumped out from the right side of the road and landed directly in front of me before it bounded off to the left.

    What I’d seen clearly in my headlights was my first and, thus far, only cougar sighting. I don’t know how long I drove, bug-eyed, mouth wide open, before I said, “Holy shit,” and realized what I’d just seen—a large, stunningly beautiful mountain lion not a half mile from my house!

    I almost turned back to check on my goats, but I knew they were still warm and snug in their stall in the barn and the cat’s trajectory was heading away from my property.

    But I’ll never forget that moment and I know now, for sure, we have cougars in our area!

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	https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=1675454256
	https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=1675454256
	https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/uploads/siteorigin-widgets/sow-social-media-buttons-atom-24dc1e52da9e.css?ver=1675454271
	https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/so-widgets-bundle/icons/fontawesome/style.css?ver=1675454271
master_file https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/altitude-pro/style.css?ver=1675454256
used_css NOT_DETERMIN
can_do_unused true
ERROR: NO USED CSS
Preloading Files
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preloading https://www.lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/themes/altitude-pro/fonts/mukta-extra-bold.woff2
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preloading https://www.lifesongadventures.com/wp-includes/fonts/dashicons.woff?99ac726223c749443b642ce33df8b800
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Preloading Master File https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/altitude-pro/style.css?ver=1675454256
preloading https://lifesongadventures.com/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/altitude-pro/style.css?ver=1675454256